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04-A: Normal Takeoff and Clibm

Knowledge

K1: Effects of atmospheric conditions, including wind, on takeoff and climb performance

  • ground effect:
    • the result of the interference of the surface of the Earth with the airflow patterns about an airplane
    • on landing:
      • keeps the aircraft floating
    • on takeoff:
      • causes the plane to become airbrone before reaching recommended takeoff speed
    • leaving ground effect prematurely (prior to rotation speed) causes
      • settle back to the ground
      • inability to climb
      • momentary loss in climb performance
      • nose-up change to increase angle of attack
    • leaving ground effect at takeoff speed still
      • increases induced drag and a decrease in performance
  • wingtip vortices:
    • created whenever lift is developed
    • cause wake turbulence
      • Airport Diagram (Figure 48)
        • situation
          • line-up-and-wait on 12
          • jet landing on 17R past intersectino
        • assessment
          • vortices pushed into the takeoff path
      • prevention strategy
        • maneuver aircraft above and upwind from the heavy aircraft
        • wakre turblence sinks down and is pushed downwind by winds

  • torque places more weight on the left main landing gear during takeoff roll

    • prop rotates clockwise
    • torque affects left landing gear [why?]

  • abort takeoff roll if problems become visible, e.g.,

    • lower RPM than normale

  • takeoff during high density altitude

    • rotation KIAS stays constant
      • airspeed indicator is technically a pressure differential measurement device
      • lift needs to meet weight to become airborne, so lift requirements are constant
      • rotation KIAS stays the same, but true airspeed is higher than indicated
    • induced drag increases
      • as per lift equation, lift decreases with decreasing airspeed
      • to generate the same amount of lift to carry the airplane into the air, an increase in the lift coefficient (encapsulating the angle of attack is needed)
      • an increase in angle of attack leads to an incrase an induced drag

K2: Best angle of climb speed (Vx) best rate of climb speed (Vy)

  • short-field takeoff

    • vx from liftoff until the obstacles are cleared, then vy

  • definitions

    • in alphabetical and numerical order: vx < vy
    • vy:
      • most altitude in a given period of time

K3: Appropriate airplane configuration

Normal Take-off and Climb

1) confirm target heading and altitude 2) clear for traffic on final and the runway 3) make radiocall: "Princeton Traffic, Skyhawk 3RM, taking off from runway 28, departure heading 130, Princeton" 4) "on the centerline" 5) "heels to the floor" 6) controls for the wind (headwind & direct crosswind: ailerons into the wind, elevator neutral, tailwind: ailerons away from the wind, elevator down) 7) "max power"

reduce ailerons, add rudder 1) engine "above 2200 RPM" 2) temp and pressure "oil in the green" 3) "airspeed alive" (approx. 35 KIAS) 4) "rotating" (55 KIAS)